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How old is the Pterosaur-Extinction Idea?

digital copy of front cover of the nonfiction book by Jonathan Whitcomb

The assumption that all “pterodactyls” became extinct long ago—that idea is old itself. According to the third edition of Searching for Ropens and Finding God, it seems to have started at the time of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, in the late 1700’s:

Four years before George Washington was elected to his first term in the United States, Cosimo Collini made the first pterosaur-fossil examination in Europe. Nobody knew anything about radiometric dating in 1784, not even Benjamin Franklin, but Mr. Collini knew something was special about this animal. . . .

Mr. Collini, however, thought that the strange creature was a swimmer, not a flyer. It took a few years, at least, for that mistake to be cleared up: Pterosaurs have wings, not flippers:

Our first exposure to a world in which a giant reptile might fly—that came from Georges Cuvier in 1801, although the fossil was small. Eight years later, a new name was born, not the one now used by scientists for a general type, “pterosaur,” but a name cherished by compromising non-scientists: “pterodactyl.”

Those early scientists in Europe began their pterosaur-fossil research with an assumption that has become cemented into Western culture: the idea that all species of pterosaurs became extinct long ago. But that was only an assumption. Indeed, there is no scientific test for the extinction of any species of any type of creature, let alone a more general type. By the late nineteenth century, Americans and other Westerners had been so deeply indoctrinated into that assumption that any report of anything like a living dragon or living pterosaur (or “pterodactyl”) was generally treated with contempt. Consider the following brief excerpt that is quoted more extensively in the nonfiction book Searching for Ropens and Finding God:

It is true, as our contemporary observes, that geological eras overlap and that an occasional specimen of the fauna or flora of one era is found in the fossils of its successor. But for that to be the case the eras must follow each other without break. There is no more chance of finding at the present day a living member of the vast reptile family which flourished in the cretaceous age than there is of Noah’s Ark coming into port and anchoring off Meiggs Wharf. Not only is that the case, but quite a considerable number of species of animals which lived in the present era a few centuries ago have died out, or are dying out. . . . In our own time the buffalo is rapidly disappearing. It will cease to exist unless care is taken to preserve a few members of the family in public parks. They write from Australia that the kangaroo is growing scarce. It also will probably only survive in captivity. . . . [The Morning Call newspaper of San Francisco, Wednesday, August 5, 1891]

Notwithstanding critics of reports of modern living pterosaurs, eyewitnesses continue to come forward and the investigation of those reports continues.

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digital copy of front cover of the nonfiction book by Jonathan Whitcomb

Third edition of what was titled “Searching for Ropens”

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Eagle-Toddler Youtube Video

Several things made me suspicious when I first started examining the Youtube video “Golden Eagle Snatches Kid:”

  • The mother appeared only mildly interested in saving her baby
  • The eagle appeared to have lifted the toddler off the ground before Mommy noticed
  • The shadows in various parts of the park meadow did not line up right with each other

Child Safety in a Park

This video appears to prove how dangerous some city parks can be for toddlers. It might actually have proved something, except that the video was a hoax. Animation students in Canada created both an artificial eagle and an artificial toddler, inserting both models onto footage of a park in Montreal. Small children, even babies, are quite safe from eagles in city parks.

Suspicious Shadows

For me, the shadows nailed shut the coffin on credibility for this apparent family video. Some of them line up almost opposite to what they should, in particular when comparing the left side of the meadow with the right side. The clincher is a frame of “video” in the middle of that meadow, where both extremes in shadow direction can be seen.

hoax video shows shadows going to the left on the right side of the meadow

On right of meadow, shadows fall to the left

 

Frame from a hoax video made by Canadian animation students

On the left of the meadow, shadows fall to the right

 

Contradictory indications of the direction of the sun in a video hoaxed by animation students

In the middle, there are no in-between shadows: they fall in both extreme directions

 

Live Pterosaur Investigations

How might this Youtube video affect the work of those who investigate reports of living pterosaurs? It’s both positive and negative. It proves our interviews with eyewitnesses have been valuable, even though we do not yet have convincing photos or video footage of living pterosaurs. On the other hand, when we do obtain such visual evidence, many skeptics might still mock because of how many were fooled by the eagle-baby hoax in Montreal, Canada.

 

“Golden Eagle Snatches Kid” Video

News professionals were suspicious of the apparent attack when they learned that nobody had reported any problem, to the Montreal police or newspapers, regarding any bird in any park.

Child Care Safety

Their parents can feel comfortable, knowing their children are kept from any unwanted internet attention. We hope other child care facilities will follow us. [Avoid putting children’s faces online without hiding identify.]

Eagle did not Snatch Toddler in Park

This Youtube video is a humorous look at why the original video (that went viral) appeared to be a hoax.

Statistics on Pterosaur Sightings

During the past few weeks, I’ve compiled sighting data, entering it into the data base that was used for analysis about one year ago; most of the newly compiled data is from sighting reports I’ve received in 2012. It verifies the earlier examination that showed that hoaxes were not involved, in any major way, in the sighting reports of apparent pterosaurs; but it also reveals other things.

Tail Flange Suggesting Rhamphorhynchoid Pterosaurs

Of all the flying-creature sightings compiled into the data base, 28.5% indicate, or at least suggest, a Rhamphorhynchoid tail flange. All things considered, this makes it obvious that long-tailed pterosaurs are still living. How significant is this 28.5%? Think of this: Several factors could cause a Rhamphorhynchoid tail flange to be unobserved or unnoticed by an eyewitness: wrong angle, concentration on head or wings, too great a distance, too dark for seeing a small flange, etc. This magnifies the case for modern Rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs.

I know this could seem impossible to many paleontologists: “basal” pterosaurs that fly over our heads at night, sometimes flying in daylight; but consider now the reports of long tails on these flying creatures. Of the total sightings, a long tail was reported in 41% of the reports and no-long-tail in 2%. What about the majority of sightings that did not indicate the presence or absence of a long tail? Some of them could be explained by imperfect observations of Rhamphorhynchoids, sightings in which the eyewitnesses were focused on head or wings at night, for example. But that’s not the sole explanation.

Long Tail

One of the most common questions that I have asked eyewitnesses, over the years, is something like this: “Did it have a tail?” It’s often followed by something like, “Was it a long tail?” Some of those who have sent me emails (to tell me about their sightings) have not replied to my questions; a person may be satisfied to tell me what cannot be reported to hardly anyone else and feels relieved enough to then set it aside and get on with other aspects of life.

Perhaps my questions often go unanswered because some eyewitnesses hardly ever use email except to report an extraordinary experience (in Papua New Guinea, it seems email communication is relatively expensive). At any rate, I feel that many more long tails would have been reported if everyone had answered my questions and if all sightings had allowed for the comprehension of the presence or absence of a long tail. Rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs live.

But long tails do more than just survive: They dominate. Only 2% report that the apparent pterosaur did not have a long tail. Of those that noticed the presence or absence of a long tail (and reported or answered accordingly), 95% reported a long tail and 5% reported that there was no long tail. It seems that most species of modern pterosaurs are descended from Rhamphornynchoids, regardless of whether or not most people in the world believe in the standard Western models that include the axiom that pterosaur fossils are many millions of years old.

Where do Pterosaurs Fly? (really: “Where do reports come from?”)

Please do not draw any conclusions about where modern pterosaurs live, based on these statistics. Americans use the internet to such a degree, compared with third world countries, that we should expect many more sighting reports from them than from, for example, natives from Papua New Guinea. This is amplified by the statistical preference for English-speaking eyewitnesses, since the web pages on modern living pterosaurs in English greatly outnumber all other languages on that subject.

I have found nothing, in my nine years of research, that suggests that more pterosaurs live in the United States than in other countries or areas of similar size. For what it’s worth, I report the following regarding reported sightings of apparent extant pterosaurs worldwide:

  • United States: 75%
  • Canada: 5%
  • Papua New Guinea 5%
  • Europe: 4%
  • Caribbean: 4%
  • Australia: 2%
  • The following have 1.5% each: Africa, Mexico, Philippines

The above may reveal more about my resources than anything else. For anyone wanting to learn about specific details about modern pterosaurs in the United States, that data can be separated from the data from other countries. I am open to questions.

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Statistics on Sightings of Living Pterosaurs

The way that American eyewitnesses respond to questions about apparent lack of feathers–that shows something significant: 23% were sure that there were no feathers on the pterosaur or pterosaur-like flying animals that they had seen; 37% believed that there were no feathers but were not sure about it. [This indicates no hoaxes played any significant role in the overall sighting reports.]

Not all Long Tails Mean Pterosaurs

Notice the enormous head of the Gitmo Pterosaur. Also, notice the shape of the wing and the structure at the end of the tail and the obvious featherless appearance.

Flying Creature

Do you call the police? The newspaper? Animal control? A nearby university? A brief reflection makes it obvious: None of those will do.